My Philosophy My Personal Philosophy Of Education

To google, education is defined as â€Å"the act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and generally of preparing oneself or others intellectually for mature life.† To a teacher it is defined as giving a child the confidence to make the most of themselves in life. The principles behind this plan defers between educators, but most have the same goal in mind; to make a difference in the education system for newer generations of students. My philosophy of education at the beginning of the term was based directly on my personal experiences as a student in the school I previously attended. The attitude I carry now reflects a more logical understanding of a student and teacher’s mind†¦show more content†¦Becoming a teacher seemed to be the perfect way for me to help the youth of society whilst challenging my love for learning. Dolmage proved the intentions I thought were negative about becoming a teac her may be positive. â€Å"The most effective teachers are those who never stop being students themselves.† (Dolmage, 11) I understand the intentions of the reading, and am motivated to help improve the education system in small steps and through learning the different parts of the education system. The reading gave me the understanding of why every student may not want to learn a certain subject, and not every student can be saved; but the difference between teaching and learning lies in the method it is taught. Any person can teach, not every person can give someone the will to learn. The education system now has many flaws, but the advancements and new prospects change the overall outlook every day. During the first system of schools, the basis of education was memory. Students were not taught to learn, but taught to recite information. Society told people, you need school to get an education, when that it is far from the truth. Education is information collected through numerous resources, whether it be from an Elder, parent, or curriculum. School is a noun, it is no more than an object that people classify as a place for learning. Before the school systems were created, children were taught at home through their parents and survived. Now, if a child does not attendShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Philosophy : My Philosophy Of Education1046 Words   |  5 Pagesmanipulate the information for their own use in the future. Choosing between the four, I would say my philosophical views line up more as an essentialist. My philosophy of education, is that every teacher and student has an environment where they are challenged, yet still encouraged, in their instructional matter and teaching and learning strategies to prepare them to meet the goals set upon them. A philosophy is a search for wisdom in a particular area; it builds a framework of thinking, and guides instructionalRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy : My Philosophy Of Education1844 Words   |  8 PagesMy philosophy of education is romanticism. According to Ryan, Cooper, and Bolick, romanticism can be defined as â€Å"a child-centered philosophy of education that condemns the influences of society and suggests that a child’s natural curiosity and the natural world should be used to teach.† I am a believer in â€Å"gaining knowledge through sensory experiences and interactions with your peers† (Ryan, Cooper, and Bolick, 2016). I agree with this philosophy because it says that the needs of the student areRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education997 Words   |  4 Pages Philosophy of Education Discovering the place where personal values and expertise meet organizational values and needs offers a dynamic partnership opportunity. Mutual achievement of organizational academic quality and professional fulfillment provides a positive learning environment. Developing a personal philosophy of education enables an educator to understand and communicate the underlying basis for his or her approach to education. Sharing this philosophy provides valuable information forRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education1476 Words   |  6 Pages871 Foundations of Higher Education Summer 2015 Instructor: Joel Abaya, PhD Personal Philosophy of Education Submitted by: Wessam Elamawy . Personal Philosophy of Education Introduction: From the very beginning of my life I recognized the importance of higher education. I am 34 years old. I am Egyptian. I was born in a highly educated family . My father earned a Ph.D. in chemistry. My uncle earned a Ph.D. in Engineering . My aunt is a doctor. My grandparents were highly educatedRead MoreMy Educational Philosophy : My Personal Philosophy Of Education1023 Words   |  5 Pages My personal philosophy of education was thought of when I was little before I really acknowledged it or knew exactly what it was. My ideas of school has been collecting for years, ever since kindergarten. Ive always thought of school as something that is important. I went to school everyday and did my work and moved on to the next thing I needed to do. I did what I was suppose to, not because I enjoyed it but because I knew I had to. School has always been kinda boring and uninterestingRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy of Education958 Words   |  4 PagesMy Personal Philosophy of Education It is customary that on New Year’s Eve, we make New Year resolution. The fact is that we are making a set of guideline that we want to live by. These are motives that we seek to achieve. In a similar way, teachers live by philosophy. This essay focuses on my personal philosophy of education. It unfolds the function of philosophy in a teacher’s life, my view on the purpose of education, the student teacher- relationship and the philosophy which influences myRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education966 Words   |  4 Pages Personal Philosophy of Education Allyson C. Taylor EDUC 542 Dr. M. Derrick Regent University The definition of curriculum can be as mysterious as the curriculum itself. Oliva (2013) described the hunt for the curriculum as being similar to â€Å"efforts to track down Bigfoot, the Bear Lake Monster, [and] the Florida Everglades Skunk Ape †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 2). All of these elusive beings have left tracks, yet there isn’t a single photograph to prove their existence—just likeRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education1335 Words   |  6 Pagesteaching style in the â€Å"Finding Your Philosophy of Education Quiz.† While I enjoyed learning about the different philosophies and psychological influences of teaching, I prefer constructivism, social reconstruction, and progressivism due to their student-centered learning, hands-on or project based learning style, while making efforts to improve the world around them. I will be discussing why I chose progressivism, social reconstruction, and constructivism as my preferences, as well as the role ofRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education1443 Words   |  6 PagesThese beliefs of education are known as the philosophy of education. The philosophy of education is defined as the influences of what is taught and how the students will be taught. Throughout my study in my education class and past experiences, my mind was expanded and I acquired sufficient knowledge to develop my own concept of my personal philosophy of education. First, I will clarify the reasons why I choose the profession of being an educator. The first reason has been my parents influenceRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education938 Words   |  4 PagesPHILOSOPHY ESSAY 2 I remember my history teacher. He would often chat with me in German before or after class; sometimes helping explain certain nuances of the language. However, I can’t tell you what information we covered that year, let alone if it was American History, or Ancient History. Can you remember anything specific from your history class in high school? My hope is that if

Lady Capulet Character Analysis free essay sample

Lady Capulet Character Analysis William Shakespeare’s infamous plays have been watched throughout time. The notorious play, â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† has survived centuries to be adapted into a 1996 film. This updated version replaces the archaic environment of the 16th century, but maintains the plays original English dialect. This major change forces details of the original story to be altered. This essay will highlight these differences between the play and the book by showing how one minor character was changed. From the beginning of the play it becomes obvious that Juliet Capulet is being pushed into the idea of marriage by her mother, Lady Capulet. Lady Capulet is a minor character who first enters the play by demanding to speak to her daughter. She explains to Juliet that a handsome man named Paris would like to be her husband, and makes it clear that his wealth will bring Juliet an easy lifestyle. We will write a custom essay sample on Lady Capulet Character Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Her speech is unselfish, and shows that she does care for her daughter. Her round character exhibits her impatience and her inability to maintain a relationship with her daughter. This is proven when Juliet’s mother is left in the dark about her secrets, and the Nurse is confided in. The Nurse acts as a foil to Lady Capulet because of her nurturing nature. In the time period, the rich are portrayed as proper and superior, and an appropriate lady must remain obedient to her husband. So when Capulet threatens to throw Juliet into the streets it is only natural that Lady Capulet supports his decision. The play conveys Lady Capulet as rude and self-serving, but also as a caring mother. By being an opulent noblewoman in the late 1500’s she comes across as snobby which can be overlooked due to the time period. The first time you see Lady Capulet in the movie â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† you notice her eccentric behavior. Her apparel and attitude scream for attention. When she speaks with Juliet about marriage it seems that she wants her to marry wealthy Paris for her own selfish reasons. After the fight between Juliet and her father, the movie shows Juliet on the floor pleading for her mother’s help. The music suddenly turns dark to highlight Lady Capulet’s callous response. Since the movie is taking place in modern time it would not be considered immoral to talk back to your husband and stand up for your daughter. For this reason it seems that Lady Capulet is sneering at her daughter. The movie portrays Lady Capulet as a needy narcissist who is evil at the core. The director of â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† took the challenge of modernizing an ancient play. Unfortunately some of the characters had to pay the price for the contemporary setting. Although the characterization of Lady Capulet was completely changed, her function as an incompetent mother was fulfilled.

Judaism and Hellenism free essay sample

In the Mediterranean and Middle East before the Common Era stood two cultures deep in their ways of living. The Greeks and Jews both held rich traditions and with their collision after the expansion of Alexander the Great’s Empire, change was on its way. For the Jews, this was a familiar sight, since they were conquered and ruled by the Egyptians and Babylonians before. These Greek and Macedonian rulers held lands far vaster than any other ruler before this time. The Jewish lands along the Eastern Mediterranean were a small nation and the Hellenistic world views held a significant impact on a people secure in their beliefs. The Jews of this time kept their identity while at the same time assimilating to a changing world. Hellenistic changes in Judaism appeared in all the key cities within the Middle East. Cities such as Alexandria, Babylon, Antioch, Ephesus, and Jerusalem held a tremendous difference in Hellenistic Judaism practices at this time. We will write a custom essay sample on Judaism and Hellenism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Assimilation did not occur within a day or a summer though but thru generations. For example, a Jew in the next generation Hellenized Palestine might see himself speaking Greek and thus practicing more pagan rituals. For these people assimilation did not seem so radical since it happened extremely slowly over years, but still the Jews kept their identity. The Jews kept their community and culture as one. Jews assimilated to Hellenistic ways in literature, language, historiography, philosophy, art, and religion. They did so to keep up with a changing world where Hellenism was the ascendant position in the known world. To understand Hellenization in the Middle East, one has to go back to the Persian Empire which stood before Alexander’s Empire. The Persian Empire was in place for about two hundred years and had control over a territory that included India, Ethiopia, Turkey, and all of the Middle East. From the Persian Empire, the Israelites in Palestine adopted the language called Hebrew from the Canaanites. This language was used by the Persians for administrative purposes, so the Jews used it. The language became holy. Alexander’s Conquest over the Persian Empire was the beginning of the Hellenistic age. When Alexander died in Babylon in three hundred and twenty three BC his generals separated what was the Persian Empire into two distinct parts. In Egypt, the Ptolemies took charge, and in the east from Syria the Seleucids ruled. The Ptolemies conquered Jerusalem, also known as Palestine during the time, in three hundred and twenty BC and ruled for about a hundred years. Under the Ptolemies, the Jews were not allowed to elect a king, but they still were able to choose a high priest of their own. Palestine itself was the boundary between the Ptolemies and Seleucids. In two hundred and one BC, the Seleucids conquered the Ptolemies and immediately began aggressively Hellenizing the Jews. The Seleucids stayed in power until about one hundred and forty BC when the Maccabees succeeded. Within these two Kingdoms, Greek customs spread far and wide. Trade was in full effect at this time and with it a variety of languages. The Greek language was being used by traders on the Middle Eastern Coast before Alexander even reached the shore. After Alexander’s death, Hellenism took effect on the upper classes in the Middle East. Alexander wanted his fellow Greeks to integrate and marry with the conquered people. He even allowed people of the Middle East to settle back in the home province of Greece and Macedonia. As time passed the Jews learned Greek, and preferred more Hellenistic names. For example, a boy named Joshua might now be Jason, or Mathew would now be Menelaus. Cities names also changed, examples being Akko to Ptolemais and Amorah to Ariopolis. The Jews also built gymnasiums, and participated in Olympic Games. Greek became the administrative language after Alexander. They were exceptionally talented administratively and reached every part of Jewish society. They made sure everybody paid taxes. Some Jews favored Greek education since a lot of the superior quality jobs were held by Greeks. Examples of Greek influence in Jewish writings are in the Qumran and One Enoch. When the Maccabees ruled, Greek was only spoken by the upper class. Jewish scriptures had to be rewritten in Greek for those Jews who could not understand Aramaic. Some Jews chose to admit to Hellenization because of their annoyance with the Persian Empire. The thought that some Jews rationalized this way angered the Maccabees. The Maccabees were more orthodox Jews and were displeased by the Hellenized Jews. In one hundred and seventy three BC, a Jew by name of Jesus or his Greek name Jason became high priest of Jerusalem. His name change was a case of those Jews whom were assimilating to Hellenism. Jason founded a Gymnasium where Jews could go for athletics, for intelligent discussions, and for readings of Greek texts. Two Maccabees openly opposed Jason and his gymnasium. It was the first writings in resistance to Hellenism. Two Maccabees wrote that Hellenism was a new threat to Jewish culture. Previously, alien cultures were perceived as threatening because of the temptation posed by their gods. For Two Maccabees, Hellenism involves a system of values different from orthodox worship, the values associated with the gymnasium. Two Maccabees condemns Jews who adopted these values, even as they remain loyal to Yahweh. Two Maccabees itself shows the effects of Hellenism. Two Maccabees also artfully de-emphasizes the associations of this language with the gymnasium and material culture. For example, the martyrs with their courage are called noble, a term often used in Greek texts. While the category of gentlemanliness, a distinctive Greek value, is applied to aged men who could not possibly participate in the sphere of the Greek gymnasium. Two Maccabees does not simply borrow, but rather transforms Greek customs as it intervenes them with Judaism. With the Maccabees came a revolt against Hellenistic society. They felt as though they were being suppressed religiously. There was a clear line between traditional Jews and the Hellenized ones. Also at this time, the Romans freed Egypt from Hellenized rulers. Anti- Hellenized Jews helped with propaganda such as predictions that this was going to happen. The Maccabees and gospels also showed themselves divided as Hebrews and Greeks. High priest Jason was succeeded by Menelaus in one hundred and one BC. The King of this time was Antiochus IV who persecuted Jewish customs. Antiochus IV after being embarrassed in Egypt came back to Jerusalem to find the city in chaos caused by the different Jewish sects of the city. To regain complete control Antiochus IV went to violent measures against the Jews that were not seen since the Babylonian Exile. While Jerusalem heard a rumor that Antiochus IV was killed in combat, one of the high priests collected an army and attacked the city. The priests name was Jason and once in power got he got rid of Menelaus whom was put in place by Antiochus. When Antiochus IV returned he was enraged and ordered a massacre of many Jews and put Menelaus back as the high priest. Antiochus IV slaughtered many Jews at this time, and also placed laws to help maintain control of them. With the help of Hellenized Jews, it became illegal to do certain Jewish rituals. With Hellenizers and Antiochus IV now in complete ower, he started to shift Jerusalem into a Greek Polis once again. The war between the people started again by a Jewish traditionalist named Mathias Hasmon. The Hasmonaeus were also known as the Maccabees. The man had five male children, headed by Judas Hasmon, whom was also named Judas the Maccabee. The Hasmonaeus then fled town and gained support from villages and created a group of terrorists. They went around killing rich Jews, stealing property, and raiding other villages. In one hundred sixty one BC, the Hasmons signed an alliance with Rome and ten years later the Seleucids abandoned Judah. They were remarkably successful because of the support of the Romans. In one hundred and sixty four BC, the Jews defeated the Greek general Apollonius. At this time, Antiochus IV dies while protecting his territory against the Parthians. After his death, the Hasmoneans were given amnesty, allowed back into the city and their traditions restore. In one hundred and forty two BC, Judah became independent, and Judah Maccabee became the ruler. The holiday of Hanakkah was then established to commemorate the Jews achievement in gaining self-rule. The Hasmoneans took advantage of this and attacked Hellenizers all over the city. However, conditions soon changed when the Hasmonean leaders became corrupt and secular. The kings claimed the high priesthood for themselves, were cruel to their fellow Jews, and expanded the territory for administrative purposes. The Hasmoneans also fell to Hellenization by taking such Greek names as Antiochus, Aristobulus, and Hyrcanus. The Hasmoneans benefited from the fall of the Seleucid Empire. They made their country free and increased their territory. Lysias whom was governor of Syria saw this and rounded up his army and took control over the situation. After, a series of civil wars occurred which were propelled by the Romans. Lysias in fear made another deal with the Hasmoneans and got rid of the high priest. This appears to be an extremely hypocritical situation because the Hasmoneans were doing unto others what they had revolted against. Although Jerusalem was ruled under a tyranny, the city grew considerably in size and population, becoming a center of commerce and religion. Hasmonean Jerusalem lasted only until sixty three BC, when Pompey from the Roman Empire took control of Jerusalem. The decline of the Hasmoneans was the end of Jewish rule, but Jewish pride and desire for freedom continued with struggles against Roman rule. Beginning with a series of Jewish wars with the Roman in the first and second centuries, including the Kitos War, the Great Revolt, and Bar Kokhbas rebellion. Through the rebellions, temporary self-rule was placed, but they eventually fell to the power of Rome. A Roman army under Vespasian and Titus attacked and destroyed Jerusalem, and burned Herods Temple. They then enslaved or killed a large part of the Jewish population. The Romans defeats of the Jewish revolts contributed to the Jewish Diaspora, as many Jews were sold into slavery throughout the empire. Today, we see many signs of Hellenization in the world. For example, the Bible was translated into Greek. We see archaeological evidence today in the Tomb of Absolom (a Jewish burial with inscriptions written in Greek), and in the Sepphoris Mosaic (found in the dining room of a Jewish House). These proofs show that Greek traditions, religion, literature, and many other aspects were incorporated into Jerusalem and Jewish culture. The Jewish culture refashioned its identity over and over again. A prime example would be the Greek intrusion during the Hellenistic period. During these times of change, the Jews kept close to their traditions and identity in an ever changing world.

Intercultural Group Project

Intercultural Group Project Free Online Research Papers COMM 220 – Intercultural Communication Intercultural Group Project Group Field Study This assignment is a group presentation to the class on a field study experience of a different culture. I reserve the right to lower the grade of any individual who does not participate equally in his/her group efforts. The purpose of this assignment is to give you direct experience with an intercultural situation. You are to explore a â€Å"new culture† here in the U.S. Consider the definition of culture that we are using and select a group for the field study on the basis of your access to the group and sufficient heterogeneity from that group. You are to approach learning about that culture as you would learning about any â€Å"foreign† culture. As a group you should study this new culture to learn about the cultural patterns (beliefs, values, and norms), verbal codes, nonverbal behaviors, social roles, and the rules for interpersonal relationships of that culture. The three guidelines you should use in the selection of the culture are: (1) those whom you study should be a â€Å"culture† as that term is used in this class; (2) the culture should be sufficiently different from you for the encounter to be considered intercultural; and, (3) access to the culture should be relatively easy. You will submit the group proposal in which you will address these points to justify the culture of choice. Proposals Due on D2L: November 24, 2009 You’re in-class presentation (you will have approximately 25 minutes to give the presentation) should provide a description of the culture. Address the following: What are the beliefs, values, norms, and social practices of the culture? What is the culture’s influence on the communication of the members of that culture? Is there a difference between your perception of events and the perception of the members of the field study culture? Are there any special or unique uses of their verbal code? Any particular organizational patterns or persuasive styles? What specific nonverbal behaviors are common among members of this culture? Are social episodes and interpersonal relationships defined in a particular way in this culture? As part of your group presentation, you will outline the points addressed above and also briefly describe the process you as a group used to come to your descriptions. You will also submit a 9-10 page paper, double-spaced, describing the culture and your process. Address the following both in your paper and your presentation: Did you find yourself evaluating behavior when description would have been more helpful? What were your stereotypes of the culture before you began the field study? How did they influence your interactions? Did the stereotypes change? How? Did the members of the culture have stereotypes of you? How did you make sense of what you saw in this culture? Did you experience any of the symptoms of culture shock while in this culture? Every member of the group must participate in the in-class presentation. You may use any artifacts, diagrams, objects, etc., from your field study culture to assist you in the presentation. Presentations and papers are due December 10. Research Papers on Intercultural Group ProjectThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseQuebec and CanadaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeHip-Hop is ArtInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesWhere Wild and West MeetRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andResearch Process Part One

Policy and procedure Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Policy and procedure Development - Essay Example One such policy is the massage policy to control fatigue for cancer patients. The following policy and procedure provides a guide for the management of fatigue for cancer patients. Relaxing body massage is a proven non-pharmacological fatigue management therapy for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment (Bower, 2014). Back massage for cancer in-patients undergoing chemotherapy was developed through a randomized clinical trial in a controlled study. The study involved seventy patients who were divided into two groups including the control group and the group undergoing massage therapy (Mazlum, Chaharsoughi, Banihashem, & Vashani, 2013). The massage group received the service for 20 minutes every day 24 hours before chemotherapy and 24 hours after. The results from both control and massaged groups were recorded regarding the indices of vomiting and nausea in the measures of time, length, severity, and incidence. The results were later assessed using a Visual Analogue Scale and also using the BARF scales (Mazlum et al., 2013). The results were later analyzed using chi-square and Mann-Whitney. The analysis indicated that the incidences of nausea among the massaged group had reduced by 25.7 percent, the times, length, and severity had reduced by 0.35 times, 54 minutes, and 20 percent respectively (Mazlum et al., 2013). The research led to the conclusion that back massage on in-patients undergoing chemotherapy was essential. The nausea and vomiting effects were reduced significantly among all cancer patients receiving the massage. The instances of nausea and vomiting among the control group remained unchanged. The study led to the formulation of massage policies for patients receiving chemotherapy (Mazlum et al., 2013). Specialized massages combined with other non-pharmacological practices such as physical exercise have proved useful in the control of body fatigue. Long usage of drugs to stimulate the body overworks the body cells and is detrimental

Vietnam and Singapore's Special Education Compared with that of the US Research Paper

Vietnam and Singapore's Special Education Compared with that of the US - Research Paper Example It is then noteworthy to look into the special education systems of these two countries and compare them with that of America’s. Regarding its history, Singapore’s SPED progressed irregularly. The major initiators were charitable organizations. As time passed, the government passed legislations and formed departments for proper facilitation. In 1947, Trafalgar Home was founded. It was for children with leprosy. In 1949, a center catering to crippled children was founded by the British Red Cross Society. By 1951, the same society also offered education for the deaf. After five years, a school was put up by the Association of the Blind. In 1957, there focus was given to those with cerebral palsy with the formation of Spastic Children’s Association. In 1962, the Singapore Association for Retarded Children (now known as Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore) was created. This association widened the horizon of special education by not only involving t hose with physical and sensory needs but those with intellectual disabilities as well (Tan, â€Å"Education in Singapore: Special Needs). Concerning its government, Singapore was colonized by Britain in 1819. However, during World War II, it was captured by the Japanese. In 1945, it was freed by British soldiers. In 1946, Singapore became a separate crown colony. On June 3, 1959, it was made a self-governing state in the Commonwealth of Nations. In 1963, it joined Malaya, North Borneo, and Sarawak to form Malaysia. After two years, Singapore separated from Malaysia and became a sovereign state as well as a member of the United Nations. In the same year (1965), it was proclaimed as a republic (â€Å"History of Singapore Colonization†). As for Vietnam, there are no distinct SPED- related organizations in its history. The education in Vietnam during feudal and colonial periods lacked stability leading to haphazard structures. Traditionally, it is a country built on Confucian-or iented education. However, it was replaced by French-Vietnamese education during its colonization at the end of 19th and first half of 20th centuries. This kind of education immobilized the rights of the Vietnamese since it was for the purposes of serving the colonizers. During their independence in 1945, their president, Ho Chi Minh advocated against illiteracy and formed an education system towards independence and rehabilitation. Within a year, there were 75,000 literacy classes and almost 96,000 teachers serving 2.5 million citizens. Since then the government maintained a public education. However, during the US air force attacks in 1965-1972, a number of schools were destroyed. Gradually, education was much influenced by North-American domination. In April 1975, Vietnam’s regions were reunited and they were able to achieve full independence. Several reforms were made concerning education. Included in the changes from 1986 to 2005 was the categorization of learning activi ties corresponding to students’ abilities. Specialized schools were established for gifted children (â€Å"Education in Vietnam: Development History, Challenges, Solutions† 2). The United States’ SPED history when it comes to its legislation is quite ample. These developments are also valuable since other countries are adapting these provisions. In the early 1900s, its education system offered compulsory education. However, many children with special needs were not welcome in numerous schools. Most of the rights of children

Cultural Considerations Essay Example for Free

Cultural Considerations Essay This paper will examine and assesses the cultural concerns and influences of today’s societies with mixed cultures and the effect on the criminal justices system. The paper will address how the cultural concerns and influences affect justice and security administration and practice. The paper will show some contemporary methods by the police and security used in societies of mixed cultures. The paper will address how these influences and considerations relate to and affect nondiscrimination practices within the criminal justice system. Finally, the paper will address Sir Robert Peel’s nine principles and how they fit into today’s police departments. The military occupation of numerous countries in the Middle East and Europe has brought police practices into question. The local police forces have been trained by the military in which the rules are different. The free people are suffering abuse at the hands of the police in those countries. In those cases where militant law is present and security is more prevalent, the police appear to work more for the current occupying military than for that country’s government or the people. More than 200 cases of torture have either been investigated or court marshaled by the United States in violation of the United Nations anti-torture body in 2006. This increase in torture may be caused by racial, ethnic, and religious differences in the contemporary War on Terrorism (French Wailes, 2008). The abuse on that scale does not occur within the United States; however, a problem still exists with the assessment of police and security personnel. These practices are scrutinized by the military, governments, security agencies, and local and foreign police. Of course, these practices question discrimination and profiling. Profiling is one of the major concerns here in the United States. Some confusion exits between profiling and racial profiling. A person cannot be profiled by a police officer based on color, sex, religion, or culture. However, a person can be profiled if he or she matches the description of a suspect. The measures currently used to assess officers are objective and may disclose intimate aspects of the person tested. The standard for recognition in the United States is the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA) that was established in 1979. Psychological testing is in place, however; standards are not set by CALEA, and each agency conducts their own testing (French Wailes, 2008). In 1973, the National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals recommended that every police agency follow a formal selection process that includes a written test of mental ability or aptitude, an oral interview, a psychological examination, and a background investigation. It was believed that introducing greater screening and standardization to the selection process would result in a more qualified police force. International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) developed several guidelines for pre-employment psychological evaluations. These recommendations address such issues as validation of testing instruments, compliance with legislation, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), using qualified psychologists familiar with the relevant research, and content of the written reports (Cochrane, Tett Vandercreek, 2008). Compliance with such acts as the ADA indicates the implementation of diversity in the testing process. A few of the most common comprehensive personality tests given to police officers during their psychological testing include the following: Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness (NEO) Personality Inventory, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2(MMPI-2), and Inwald Personality Inventory (IPI). Traits from the NEO Personality Inventory–Revised, which was based on the five-factor model of personality, have also shown to be predictive of police performance. The MMPI-2 and the IPI have been shown to be effective in predicting several job criteria for police officers as well (Cochrane, Tett Vandercreek, 2008). Today’s American policing and justice system is based on English principles and English common law. One such tradition was limited police authority. This gives way to liberties and freedoms and limits governmental authority. Another tradition was the localized police control as opposed to a national, centralized police force as experienced in many other countries. This turned out to be both an advantage and a detriment. The localization resulted in fragmentation and decentralization of law enforcement. The advantage was acquiring little national control (Walker Katz, 2011, p. 24). Peel believed that prevention of crime could be accomplished without intruding into the lives of citizens so he developed the nine principles of community policing. His first concept was the basic mission of police was to prevent crime and disorder. The prevention of crime makes the job easier of the police. Police presence is deterrence, therefore prevents crime from occurring. This is the basis for today’s community policing concept. The public must also approve of the actions of the police in the performance of their duties. The people must work voluntarily with the police in observance of the laws to maintain public order (History, 2002). The public must comply voluntarily with the laws and work with the police. Most people do what is morally correct; in turn the police also must do what is lawfully correct. The police are directed by the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights to safeguard every citizen’s right from interference from government. These philosophies are still observed today. If a citizen does not approve of the conduct of the police, a complaint is filed. If the public does not agree with a law, they work to make changes. If the public fails to observe the law, there are consequences, such an arrest or a fine. Another concept concerns the use of physical force to gain compliance. The public is cooperative with the police whereas physical force not need be employed. If compliance is not gained and physical force is required, the force will not be so great as to be considered excessive (History, 2002). The Constitution provides rights to the people and protects them from the police in this area. Laws in most states specifically write out what is considered â€Å"force,† when and how it can be used. Last, the police are specifically trained in the application of force through means of various weapons and hand to hand combat. This force is not to be excessive, not to be used as punishment, or in a punitive manner. The force used is that reasonable force to effect and arrest, to protect oneself or another from death or great bodily harm. The police serve both the public and the law, they shall not show impartiality, but to the law. The officers are also members of the public. Any interest the public has would also be interest to the police (History, 2002). In this case, the officer may come from any background may be either sex or any race. The officer must show fairness to members of other groups and not discriminate against those members or members of his or her own group. The officer shall treat everyone as equally as possible. The police are hired to uphold the law, at the same time serve the public. Peel’s theory indicates, when a conflict arises, the service to the law should outweigh the public service. This concept is contradictory to today’s practices. Policing has become â€Å"customer service†-oriented, where the customer is always right. The officers are members of the public, when they are in an off duty capacity, they are afforded the same rights as any other citizen. However, they should govern themselves as an upstanding citizen because they do represent the law. The final concept indicates the effectiveness of policing is the lack of crime and disorder. This concept is known as preventative policing. In today’s society, the crimes are not occurring where there is a high police presence. So, Peel’s principles are still used to some extent. The demographics have changed since his time. People and crimes have evolved. People’s values have changed, whereas they are tolerant of certain crimes. The attitudes toward police have changed. In a location where there is a strong police presence, fewer crimes occur. This is consistent with Peel’s concept. However, if the demographics of the neighborhood are less desirable, the people of the neighborhood indicate the police are prejudiced and do not want the police in the neighborhood. Thus, more crimes occur in this less protected neighborhood. If fewer police are present, the response time for an officer to an incident is longer because there are fewer officers and more calls. The ratio of officers to calls is higher. In these cases discrimination is blamed for the increased of police presence and the lack of it as well. The affected parties assume they are discriminated against because more police are in their areas, where more crime occurs. However, when the police are not present, they blame the police for the increase in crime because the police are not present. In conclusion, most of Sir Robert Peel’s principles can be applied to the organization of a police department today. In fact, many departments in England still work by his principles. Some need to be altered to accommodate today’s society to be more â€Å"customer† friendly. The United States Constitution and Bill of Rights need to be recognized, as well such as the Due Process Clauses to both the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments if his principles are applied.